Project description The final report was developed in the framework of the EU Project ´From law to practice: Strengthening procedural rights in police custody (ProRPC)’ implemented by the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Fundamental and Human Rights (LBI GMR, Austria), in cooperation with APADOR-CH (Romania), Fair Trials Europe (Belgium), the Irish Council for Civil Liberties (Ireland), and Rights International Spain (Spain). The ProRPC project started in December 2020 and was finalised in March 2023. Authors The final report was written by Moritz Birk, Consultant to the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Fundamental and Human Rights, and Giuliana Monina, Head of Programme Line of the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Fundamental and Human Rights, with the support of the project partners APADOR-CH (Romania), Fair Trials Europe (Belgium), the Irish Council for Civil Liberties (Ireland), and Rights International Spain (Spain). Acknowledgments The project team would like to thank all criminal justice actors, experts, policymakers, practitioners, decision-makers, as well as all the representatives of civil society who participated in the roundtables and consultations of this project for their commitment and engagement. Our most sincere gratitude goes to the members of the External Advisory Board: Marine Braun (Child Rights Expert), Ed Lloyd-Cape (Emeritus Prof of Criminal Law and Practice at the University of the West of England, Bristol), Ivar Fahsing (Detective Chief Superintendent and Associate Professor at the Norwegian Police University College), and Gwen Jansen - de Wolf (Criminal Defence Lawyer, Founder of Gwen Jansen Advocatuur), for their invaluable advice and expert inputs to the report. We would also like to thank Walter Suntinger (Human Rights Consultant, University Lecturer), Helmut Sax (Senior Researcher/Child Rights Expert at Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Fundamental and Human Rights), and Gautam Gulati (Prof MD, Forensic Psychiatrist, Adjunct Professor in Law and Medicine at the University of Limerick, Ireland) who have provided precious suggestions for this report. A big thank you also to Chrissy Ebeling, who supported the research, and Maria Natalia Bueno Torres for the design and graphics. Vienna, March 2023 3

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