CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 4
A.
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 4
1. Background ............................................................................................................................. 4
2. Scope of this Toolkit ................................................................................................................ 5
a.
b.
3.
Parts I-III – Toolkit for practitioners .................................................................................................. 5
Part IV – Implementation Check-List ................................................................................................ 5
How to use this Toolkit ........................................................................................................... 5
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
How the content is organised ........................................................................................................... 5
The ‘Using EU Law in Practice’ Toolkit .............................................................................................. 6
Before and after the implementation deadline ................................................................................ 6
Terminology ...................................................................................................................................... 6
A word of caution ............................................................................................................................. 6
Keep in touch .................................................................................................................................... 6
B.
BEFORE THE DIRECTIVE: REVIEW OF ECHR PRINCIPLES.............................................................. 6
1. Overall fairness and Article 6(3) guarantees........................................................................... 6
2. Article 6(3) ECHR and trial stage issues .................................................................................. 7
3. Article 6(3) ECHR and pre-trial issues ..................................................................................... 7
4. The right to silence under Article 6 ......................................................................................... 8
5. The core principle in Salduz v. Turkey ..................................................................................... 8
C.
THE DIRECTIVE AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION ............................................................................... 9
I – THE RIGHT OF ACCESS TO A LAWYER ...................................................................................... 10
A.
THE CORE ISSUE ........................................................................................................................ 10
B.
THE ECHR BASELINE .................................................................................................................. 10
1. The core Salduz principle ...................................................................................................... 10
2. The core principle, developed .............................................................................................. 11
a.
b.
c.
‘Access to a lawyer’: the content of the right ................................................................................. 11
‘Incriminating statements’ .............................................................................................................. 11
‘Used for a conviction’ .................................................................................................................... 12
C.
RELEVANT PROVISIONS OF THE DIRECTIVE .............................................................................. 12
D.
USING THE DIRECTIVE IN PRACTICE .......................................................................................... 13
1. Assumption: direct effect of Article 3 and Article 12............................................................ 13
2. The core device: Article 3 violation – Article 12 remedy ...................................................... 14
a.
b.
3.
Establishing a violation of Article 3 ................................................................................................. 14
Seeking a remedy under Article 12 ................................................................................................. 15
i.
The evidence in question ........................................................................................................... 15
ii. The fruit of the poisoned tree .................................................................................................... 16
Some specific areas to explore ............................................................................................. 16
a.
Effective participation in questioning ............................................................................................. 16
Identify and document the violation .......................................................................................... 17
Seek remedies for the infringement .......................................................................................... 19
b. Cross-border (European Investigation Order) issues ...................................................................... 19
i.
Try to ensure the questioning is compatible with Article 3 ....................................................... 20
ii. Identify and document the violation in the executing / requested state .................................. 20
iii. Seek remedies in the issuing / requesting state ......................................................................... 21
i.
ii.
2