A/HRC/16/52/Add.5 severely beaten by the authorities, and the poor sanitary conditions facilitated the spread of contagious diseases. With regard to juveniles, the Police Juvenile Policy and Protocol, an excellent tool in dealing with juveniles in conflict with the law, is for the most part not being applied and juveniles were held with adults in all police stations visited by the Special Rapporteur. Women in Papua New Guinea have a very low social status, which places them at very high risk of abuse in the domestic and public spheres. Gender-based violence is prevalent throughout the country, with widespread domestic violence and no effective State mechanism to address it. In detention, women are extremely vulnerable to sexual abuse from police officers or other detainees. Owing to insufficient human and financial resources, a high level of corruption and a lack of professionalism, the Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary is unable to provide security and prevent and investigate crime throughout the country, particularly in rural areas. As a result, private security companies have taken over much of the ordinary police work. In the light of the above, the Special Rapporteur recommends that the Government issue an unambiguous declaration by the highest authorities that it will not tolerate torture or similar ill-treatment by public officials. He also urges the Government to ratify the Convention against Torture and the Optional Protocol thereto. Other recommended steps include amending domestic legislation to include the crime of torture with adequate penalties; ensuring prompt and thorough ex officio investigations for all allegations and suspicions of ill-treatment or excessive use of force; reducing the time limits for police custody to 48 hours; establishing accessible and effective complaint mechanisms; and ensuring a comprehensive and structural reform of the Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary. He also recommends the establishment of a country presence of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 2

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