Table of Contents Foreword and Acknowledgements 5 General Introduction 7 Part I: Trafficking in Human Beings Amounting to Torture and other Forms of Ill-treatment – Legal Analysis 1 2 3 4 5 1 3 4 5 Forms Of Interpersonal Violence Suffered By Victims Of Human Trafficking Clinical Assessment of Physical and Psychological Injuries in Human Trafficking Cases Understanding the Psychological Impact of Trafficking Upon Victims’ Ability to Provide an Account of Their Experiences Psychological Trauma Symptoms 89 20 28 39 ANNEX 1 The Helen Bamber Foundation Initial Assessment Form 118 ANNEX 2 Main References 121 41 7 84 Applying therapeutic principles to contact work with clients The Foundations of Therapy for Victims of Human Trafficking Therapeutic Work which Addresses the Trafficking Experience Understanding the Process of Recovery for Victims of Human Trafficking Conclusions and Recommendations ANNEX Main References Part One – Clinical Links Between Human Trafficking and Torture 2 9 12 13 Acronyms Introduction Understanding the Significance of “Complex Trauma” for Victims of Human Trafficking Part Two – Here, and Now: Sustaining Victims of Human Trafficking from Referral to Recovery Acronyms Introduction The Prohibition of Torture and other Forms of Ill-treatment and of Trafficking in Human Beings Can Trafficking in Human Beings amount to Torture or other Forms of Ill-treatment? – Applying the International Definition of Torture and other Forms of Ill-treatment to Trafficking in Human Beings Legal Implications in case Trafficking in Human Beings amounts to Torture or other Forms of Ill-treatment Conclusions and Recommendations Part II: Clinical Links Between Human Trafficking and Torture 6 8 9 14 10 11 45 48 49 53 53 57 66 74 89 99 102 111 114

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