2.2 Misapplication of Statutory Provisions as an Indirect Means of Discipline. --------------------------------- 125
2.3 Unlawful Practices for the Purposes of Punishment ------------------------------------------------------------- 136
2.4 The impact of Prison Disciplinary Sanctions upon Court Decisions-------------------------------------------- 137
SECTION 4 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 147
ACCESS TO DEFENCE RIGHTS FOR PERSONS DEPRIVED OF LIBERTY --------------------------------------------------- 147
1. ACCESS TO INFORMATION: AN ESSENTIAL PRECONDITION FOR ANY DEFENCE -------------------------------------------------- 148
1.1 Informing Persons Deprived of Liberty of the Existence of their Rights is a Priority------------------------ 148
1.2 The use made of the information provided depends upon its content and the way in which it is passed
on ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 153
2. EFFECTIVE EXERCISE OF DEFENCE RIGHTS -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 165
2.1 The technical nature of defence before a judge places persons deprived of liberty at a disadvantage 165
2.2 Though apparently more straightforward, defence before the administration is no less difficult to
exercise ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 176
SECTION 5 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 183
DEPRIVATION OF LIBERTY AND ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE -------------------------------------------------------------- 183
1. ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE IN PLACES OF SHORT-TERM DEPRIVATION OF LIBERTY ---------------------------------------------- 183
1.1 Access to Health Care in Police Custody Facilities---------------------------------------------------------------- 183
1.2 Access to Health Care in Detention Centres and Facilities for Illegal Immigrants -------------------------- 186
2. GENERAL HEALTH CARE IN PRISONS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 189
2.1 Background details ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 189
2.2. The Principal Points Reported by the Contrôleur général des lieux de privation de liberté -------------- 192
2.3 The Highly Variable Quality of Provision of Health Care to Prisoners in General --------------------------- 195
3. DAILY LIFE IN PRISON FOR THE ELDERLY AND PERSONS SUFFERING FROM DISABLING PATHOLOGIES ---------------------------- 200
3.1 Daily life in prison for persons with restricted mobility --------------------------------------------------------- 201
3.2 Daily life in prison for elderly persons ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 204
4. HEALTH CARE WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF PREPARATION FOR RELEASE AND REDUCED SENTENCING------------------------- 206
4.1 Remission and Temporary Release --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 206
4.2 Deferment of Sentences on Medical Grounds -------------------------------------------------------------------- 207
4.3 The problematic situation of unconvicted prisoners ------------------------------------------------------------- 208
4.4 Deferment of Sentences on Emergency Medical Grounds ------------------------------------------------------ 209
5. HEALTH CARE IN SEMI-CUSTODIAL INSTITUTIONS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 209
6. SOMATIC HEALTH CARE IN MENTAL HEALTH INSTITUTIONS-------------------------------------------------------------------- 210
SECTION 6 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 216
“FOR THE ATTENTION OF THE CONTRÔLEUR GÉNÉRAL…” (TESTIMONIES RECEIVED) ----------------------------- 216
SECTION 7 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 222
THE CONFINEMENT OF CHILDREN -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 222
1. AN ACCEPTED AND LIMITED PRINCIPLE OF CONFINEMENT --------------------------------------------------------------------- 222
1.1 The Debates on Confinement ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 222
1.2 Confinement of Children on Criminal Grounds ------------------------------------------------------------------- 223
1.3 The Confinement of Children on other Grounds ------------------------------------------------------------------ 224
2. SPECIAL MODES OF DEPRIVATION OF LIBERTY --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 228
2.1 Separation from Adults ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 229
2.2 Limited Mixing of Sexes except in Prison -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 230
2.3 A Regime of Confinement with Specific Characteristics --------------------------------------------------------- 231
2.4 Specialised Staff-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 232
3. THE NECESSARILY UNEVEN EFFECTS OF CONFINEMENT ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 234
3.1 The Opposition between Confinement and the Interests of the Child ---------------------------------------- 235
3.2 Ill-Being ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 236
3.3 Fragmented Lives ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 236
3.4 Difficulties of Assessment -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 238
SECTION 8 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 241
3