Independent Expert and Lead Author: Manfred NOWAK Study Manager and Executive Editor: Georges YOUNES Study Coordinator and Assistant to the Independent Expert: Manu KRISHAN Study Advisor, Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights: Anna D. TOMASI Data Coordinator: Łukasz SZOSZKIEWICZ Co-Editor: Reina-Marie LOADER Infographic Design: Ralf RICKER, www.ralfricker.at Design, Layout and Printing: Delphine & Richard PETIT, Véronique PEYTAVIN, Florence SAULNIER, Franck VASSEROT & Félicia BECHET, Geneva, www.messaggio.eu.com Main Contributors: Kalliope AGAPIOU JOSEPHIDES, Chiara ALTAFIN, Maria Usang ASSIM, Claudia ARISI, Elizabeth AYRE, Jo BECKER, Moritz BIRK, Michael BOCHENEK, Rohan BORSCHMANN, Rachel BRETT, Mary BELOFF, Pablo CERIANI CERNADAS, Anne CHARBORD, Alex CHRISTOPOULOS, Betony CLASBY, Emily CUKALEVSKI, Chris CUTHBERT, Anna DARLING, Chris DESMOND, Catalina DEVANDAS AGUILAR, Kirsten DI MARTINO, Lesley DU TOIT, Malcolm EVANS, Louise FORDE, Florence GASPAR, Barry GOLDSON, María GÓMEZ-CARRILLO DE CASTRO, Mariette GRANGE, Isabelle GUITARD, Helen GRIFFITHS, Zita HANSUNGULE, Kristen HOPE, Nathan HUGHES, Taghreed JABER, Emilia JANCA, Alex KAMAROTOS, Deirdre KELLEHER, Ursulla KILKELLY, Stuart A. KINNER, Selma KROPP, Aniruddha KULKARNI, Wiebke LAMER, Benjamin LEWIS, Bernd LIEDL, Ton LIEFAARD, Laura LUNDY, Siobhan MCALISTER, Simon MCMAHON, Benyam Dawit MEZMUR, Vitit MUNTARBHORN, Fatou NDOUR, Kerry NEAL, Laura PEREZ, Astrid PODSIADLOWSKI, Silvia RANDAZZO, Ariel RIVA, Leo RATLEDGE, Robyn SAMPSON, Helmut SAX, Günter SCHUMACHER, Mirela SHUTERIQI, Ann SKELTON, Louise SOUTHALAN, Alexandra SOUZA MARTINS, Amr TAHA, Meskerem Geset TECHANE, Michelle TEMPLETON, Katharina THON, Kristina TOUZENIS, Laurel TOWNHEAD, George ULRICH, Léa URZEL, Benoit VAN KEIRSBLICK, Alberto VÁSQUEZ ENCALADA, Ann Kristin VERVIK, Huw WILLIAMS, Melissa WILLOUGHBY, Myriam WISCHNEWSKI, Gerrit ZACH Infographics: Sources accessed as of 30 May 2019 (if not specified otherwise) Cover Page: © Louisa Gouliamaki/AFP via Getty Images

Select target paragraph3