The Omega Research Foundation is an independent UK-based research organisation. We
are dedicated to providing rigorous, objective, evidence-based research on the manufacture,
trade in, and use of, military, security and police (MSP) technologies.
This report has been produced by the Omega Research Foundation (Omega) as part of a
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Originally published by the Omega Research Foundation, January 2018, revised June 2018.
Cover image: Photograph of weighted leg irons displayed at China Garments Co. Ltd stall,
Milipol 2015, Paris, France, November 2015 © Robin Ballantyne/Omega
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use of ‘tools of torture’ in the Council of Europe, 2018, available at
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