V. Specific Issues ..................................................................................................................... 40 A. The Importance of Equality and Protection from Discrimination in International Human Rights Law .............................................................................................................. 40 Protecting Against Indirect Discrimination ..................................................................... 41 Burden of proof ................................................................................................................ 42 Using Positive Action to Tackle Entrenched Discrimination .......................................... 42 Inter-sectionality .............................................................................................................. 43 Protecting the Group ........................................................................................................ 43 B. Absolute Rights and Human Rights within a State of Emergency ........................... 44 Derogations are of an exceptional and temporary measure ............................................. 44 There must be a public emergency which threatens the life of the nation ....................... 44 There must be an official and prompt proclamation of the state of emergency .............. 44 Measures must be proportionate and strictly required ..................................................... 45 Measures taken must not be discriminatory..................................................................... 45 Measures must not be inconsistent with other international obligations ......................... 45 Certain rights are non-derogable ...................................................................................... 45 C. Extra-Territorial Application of International Human Rights Standards .................. 46 D. Accountability of Non-State Actors .......................................................................... 48 VI. The Right to Life ........................................................................................................... 50 A. The primacy of the right to life ................................................................................. 51 B. The negative obligation to refrain from taking life ................................................... 51 Use of force by law enforcement officials ....................................................................... 51 Deaths in custody ............................................................................................................. 53 Extra-judicial summary or arbitrary executions .............................................................. 53 C. The positive obligations to safeguard life ................................................................. 54 Obligation to investigate .................................................................................................. 56 Disappearances ................................................................................................................ 57 D. The Death Penalty and the Right to Life ................................................................... 58 E. The Right to Life and Armed Conflict ...................................................................... 59 F. Territorial application of the procedural obligation imposed by the right to life ......... 60 G. Amnesty and Impunity .............................................................................................. 60 H. The right to a remedy ................................................................................................ 61 VII. The Absolute Prohibition of Torture, Inhuman and Degrading Treatment and Punishment............................................................................................................................... 62 A. Definition of torture .................................................................................................. 63 B. Duties on the state ..................................................................................................... 65 Duty to prevent ................................................................................................................ 66 3

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